史潑尼克一號或稱史普尼克一號（俄語：Спутник-1，「衛星一號」或俄語：Sputnik，「旅行者」或音譯「史潑尼克」）是第一顆進入地球軌道的人造衛星。在蘇聯於1957年10月4日於拜科努爾太空中心發射升空。由於這時正值冷戰，史潑尼克一號的發射震撼了整個西方，在美國國內引發了一連串事件，如 史潑尼克危機、華爾街發生小股災。同時亦開始了美、蘇兩國之間的太空競賽。
史潑尼克一號 helped to identify the density of high 地球大氣層 by its orbit change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. Because the satellite's body was filled with pressurized nitrogen, Sputnik 1 also provided the first opportunity for meteorite detection, as losses in internal pressure due to meteoroid penetration of the outer surface would have been evident in the temperature data. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War. Sputnik-1 was set in motion during the International Geophysical Year from the 5th Tyuratam range in Kazakh SSR (now Baikonur Cosmodrome). The satellite travelled at 29,000 kilometers (18,000 mi) per hour and emitted radio signals at around 20.005 and 40.002 MHz which were monitored by Amateur radio operators throughout the world. The signals continued for 22 days until the transmitter batteries ran out on October 26, 1957. Sputnik 1 burned as it fell from orbit upon reentering Earth's atmosphere, after traveling about 60 million km (37 million miles) in orbit. 蘇聯太空犬
